Thursday, 2 April 2026

Signal Without Semiosis: Value, Selection, and the Misreading of Meaning in Biology — 5 Why It Looks Like Meaning

If value can account for the coordination and stabilisation of biological systems, why does the language of meaning persist?

Why do systems governed by differential uptake so readily appear to involve signals, information, and communication?

The answer lies not in the presence of meaning, but in the appearance of meaning.


Reliability invites interpretation

Consider a simple pattern:

  • a trait is consistently associated with a particular condition

  • a response is consistently elicited by that trait

  • the outcome of that response is consistently beneficial or consequential

From the outside, this stability is striking.

When correlations are reliable, they begin to look intentional. When responses are consistent, they begin to look directed.

It is natural, from this perspective, to describe the trait as:

  • conveying information

  • indicating a state

  • or signalling a condition

But this is already an interpretive move.


From pattern to message

The transition can be described as follows:

  1. A stable pattern of correlation is observed

  2. The pattern is taken as informative

  3. The information is reified as something carried by the trait

  4. The trait is described as a message

At each step, an additional layer is introduced.

What began as:

repeated association within a system of value-based responses

is redescribed as:

a communicative relation between sender and receiver

The explanatory framework shifts from selection dynamics to semiotic exchange.


The role of the observer

A key factor in this shift is the perspective of the observer.

From our standpoint:

  • correlations are visible

  • regularities are identifiable

  • outcomes can be compared and interpreted

This vantage point allows us to construct a mapping:

trait → condition

Once such a mapping is established, it is easy to treat the trait as if it were carrying that condition as content.

But this is a description imposed from outside the system.


Correlation as the basis of “aboutness”

The sense that something is “about” something else often arises from reliable correlation.

If:

  • a feature consistently co-occurs with a condition

  • and consistently precedes or predicts it

then the feature begins to appear as if it refers to that condition.

This apparent “aboutness” is a product of:

  • statistical regularity

  • and functional association

It does not, by itself, establish a semiotic relation.


The shortcut to meaning

Once a pattern is stable and predictive, the conceptual leap to meaning becomes tempting:

  • if a feature tracks a condition

  • and affects behaviour in relation to that condition

  • then it is described as representing it

This shortcut compresses:

  • correlation

  • responsiveness

  • and selection

into a single notion of communication.

But in doing so, it risks conflating:

  • functional association
    with

  • semiotic relation


Why the illusion is compelling

The appearance of meaning is not arbitrary. It is grounded in the structure of the system.

Three factors reinforce it:

1. Stability
Patterns persist across time and instances.

2. Selectivity
Responses are not random; they are biased and consistent.

3. Predictability
Given a feature, outcomes can be anticipated with some reliability.

Together, these create a field in which:

features seem to “carry” their consequences.

From within such a field, meaning appears as a natural explanation.


No need for interpretation

Despite this appearance, nothing in the system requires that organisms interpret signals.

What is required is:

  • sensitivity to features

  • differential responsiveness

  • and mechanisms that reinforce certain outcomes

These are sufficient to generate coordinated behaviour.

Interpretation, in the semiotic sense, is not a necessary component.


Appearance without semiosis

We can now state the core point clearly:

The appearance of meaning can arise from value-based dynamics alone.

Meaning-like descriptions emerge when:

  • correlations are stable

  • responses are reliable

  • and outcomes are functionally significant

But these conditions can be met without any semiotic system being in place.


Reframing “signals”

From this perspective, the term “signal” can be understood as a description of how things appear from a particular vantage point.

It captures:

  • the observer’s ability to map patterns

  • and to predict outcomes based on those patterns

But it does not, by itself, establish that:

  • something is being communicated

  • or that meaning is being exchanged


What is being explained?

This brings us to an important clarification.

When we describe a biological feature as a signal, we may be explaining:

  • why it correlates with certain outcomes

  • why it persists across generations

  • why it elicits certain responses

But we are not necessarily explaining:

  • how meaning is produced

  • or whether meaning is involved at all

The appearance of meaning is itself something that requires explanation.


Transition

If value-based dynamics are sufficient to produce the appearance of meaning, the next question is whether meaning, as a distinct phenomenon, ever plays an explanatory role in these systems.

To address this, we must now consider the opposite possibility:

that some systems do involve semiosis—and that the challenge lies in identifying when value ends and meaning begins.

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