Evolution unfolds as a negotiation of possibility: lineages explore, differentiate, and stabilise horizons of readiness. Yet the biosphere is not infinitely resilient. Occasionally, these negotiated horizons collapse, abruptly curtailing persistence and reshaping the landscape of potential. These events are what we call mass extinctions.
Extinction is not merely the disappearance of species. It is a planetary cut through the horizon, a sudden reconfiguration of which inclinations can persist, which gradients can remain, and which relational structures the biosphere can sustain.
1. Mass Extinction as Planetary Cut
A mass extinction is a deep-time relational event:
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sudden or sustained environmental shifts
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collapse of stabilised gradients
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disruption of long-standing ecological couplings
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elimination of lineages whose horizons cannot adjust
It is a horizon cut: a pruning of persistent inclinations that temporarily reduces the bandwidth of the biosphere.
Unlike gradual evolutionary changes, extinctions recalibrate what the planet can support. They force the biosphere to reassert coherence, opening space for new relational architectures.
2. Collapse and Reset
Extinction is both destructive and generative:
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Collapse: long-stable systems fail under stress, niches vanish, networks of interaction disintegrate.
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Reset: vacated horizons allow new lineages and inclinations to emerge, often in configurations inaccessible to previous forms.
Examples:
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Permian-Triassic extinction (~252 Ma): over 90% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species lost; ecological horizons compressed; new metabolic strategies later colonise vacant niches.
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Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction (~66 Ma): elimination of non-avian dinosaurs; small mammals expand into newly freed ecological gradients.
These events are not random accidents, but relational consequences of horizon saturation and instability, sometimes triggered by cosmic, geological, or atmospheric shifts.
3. Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences
Extinctions demonstrate the dynamic interplay of horizon collapse and recovery:
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Ecological pruning: removal of dominant lineages frees gradients for reconfiguration.
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Relational experimentation: new configurations of species and metabolic strategies occupy vacated niches.
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Acceleration of innovation: the collapse amplifies selective pressures, favoring organisms capable of rapid horizon expansion.
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Reset of complexity: temporarily reduces bandwidth, but sets the stage for novel relational arrangements and adaptive landscapes.
Extinctions are therefore not merely destructive; they are planetary-scale opportunities for horizon re-articulation.
4. Extinction as Relational Signal
From a relational ontology perspective, mass extinction is a signal of systemic limits:
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gradients have been maximally occupied
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stabilised horizons have become brittle
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planetary metabolism encounters thresholds it cannot sustain
Extinction events tell us: the biosphere is self-limiting, a system that learns, through crisis, where its own inclinations overreach. They mark the boundary conditions of possibility.
5. Post-Extinction Worlds as New Readiness Architectures
After collapse, the biosphere’s horizons are no longer the same. Vacated relational spaces allow:
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exploration of previously inaccessible inclinations
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emergence of novel morphologies, behaviours, and strategies
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recombination of metabolic and ecological architectures
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resets of planetary-scale readiness
The Paleogene period, after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, illustrates this: mammals diversified into niches left vacant by dinosaurs, creating new relational webs. Extinction is a planetary reset of horizon architecture, enabling biospheric creativity at unprecedented scales.
6. Extinction and Horizon Awareness
Extinction events also shape long-term evolutionary strategy:
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lineages evolve more flexible metabolic and behavioural horizons
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adaptive versatility becomes an emergent property of surviving cuts
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intelligence, later, can be seen as a late-stage ecological strategy precisely because post-extinction landscapes favour horizon foresight and relational agility
In this sense, mass extinctions prepare the ground for intelligence. They prune rigidity, amplify opportunity, and expand the biosphere’s capacity to explore, predict, and manipulate horizons.
7. Toward Post 6: Intelligence as Horizon Forecasting
With extinctions understood as horizon collapses, the stage is set for intelligence:
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nervous systems emerge as instruments for navigating multi-scale, post-collapse horizons
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behaviour becomes predictive rather than merely reactive
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cognition, memory, and attention evolve to stabilise new relational possibilities
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symbolic capacities will later encode and extend these horizons into culture
Extinction is the precondition for biospheric foresight, the relational lesson that persistence requires anticipatory modulation of gradients.