The core mechanism behind persistent interpretive disagreement lies in the structural underdetermination of quantum mechanics. The formalism is unconstrained relative to phenomena in multiple conceptual dimensions, allowing distinct interpretations to partition, organise, and narrativise the same mathematical object differently.
Copenhagen: emphasises classical measurement context and probabilistic outcomes.
Many-Worlds: partitions possibilities into branching universes.
de Broglie-Bohm: introduces hidden variables and deterministic trajectories.
QBism: reframes the formalism as an agent-centred epistemic tool.
Each interpretation is internally coherent, reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics, and selectively emphasises certain aspects of the formalism while marginalising others. The result is multiple, equally valid frameworks, each representing a different reparcellation of the same unconstrained mathematical object.
Because these partitions do not conflict empirically, disagreement is stable. The interpretations are not competing descriptions of different phenomena, but alternative organisational structures applied to the same formalism. Recognising this reframes the debate: multiplicity is a predictable outcome of structural underdetermination, not a conceptual or empirical failure.
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