Tuesday, 7 April 2026

Toward a Theory of the Semiotic — 2 Why a Semiotic System Is Not a Set of Elements

Once the semiotic is no longer defined by signs, a second assumption moves into place.

That a semiotic system consists of:

  • elements,
  • units,
  • or items,

organised into:

  • structures,
  • inventories,
  • or networks.

This assumption is no less problematic than the first.


1. The temptation of elements

It is natural to suppose that:

  • the system contains units,
  • these units are combined or contrasted,
  • and meaning arises from their organisation.

This gives us:

  • lexicons,
  • repertoires,
  • sets of forms.

But this reverses the order of explanation.

Because it assumes:

that the elements exist prior to the system that organises them.


2. Why elements cannot be primitive

An “element” in a semiotic system is:

  • identifiable,
  • repeatable,
  • and contrastive.

But each of these properties depends on:

relations within a system.

  • Identifiability requires contrast
  • Repeatability requires role
  • Contrast requires alternatives

Without these:

there are no elements—only occurrences.


3. The dependency of identity

An element has identity only insofar as:

it is distinguished from other possible elements.

This means:

  • its identity is not intrinsic,
  • not given by its form,
  • not determined by its physical properties.

It is:

relationally constituted.


4. No inventory without system

An inventory presupposes:

  • stable units,
  • countable items,
  • definable boundaries.

But these are not given.

They are:

products of systemic organisation.

To begin with an inventory is to:

  • assume what must be derived,
  • and treat outcomes as primitives.

5. The failure of combinatorics alone

It might be proposed that:

  • elements combine according to rules,
  • and that meaning emerges from these combinations.

But combination presupposes:

  • identifiable units,
  • stable identities,
  • and structured relations.

Without these:

combination is undefined.

Combinatorics cannot generate:

the system it requires.


6. From elements to relations

We must therefore reverse the direction.

Not:

  • elements → relations → system,

but:

relations → system → elements.

That is:

  • relations are primary,
  • system is the organisation of those relations,
  • and elements are stabilised positions within that organisation.

7. The nature of these relations

The relations at issue are not:

  • physical connections,
  • causal links,
  • or associative ties.

They are:

relations of contrast and choice.

That is:

  • what could be selected instead,
  • how alternatives are differentiated,
  • and how possibilities are organised.

8. System as potential

From this, system can be specified more precisely.

It is not:

  • a collection of things,

but:

a structured potential of alternatives.

This potential:

  • defines what can be construed,
  • organises how distinctions are made,
  • and constrains what counts as meaningful variation.

9. Elements as realised options

Within this system:

  • what we call “elements” are:
    • selections,
    • stabilisations,
    • recurrent positions within the network of alternatives.

They are:

realised options.

Not:

  • prior units,
  • not independent components.

10. The displacement of substance

This removes any appeal to:

  • substance,
  • form as given,
  • or intrinsic properties.

What matters is not:

  • what something is made of,

but:

what it contrasts with and what it can substitute for.


11. Why this cannot be grounded in value

At this point, a familiar move suggests itself.

To ground the system in:

  • functional needs,
  • biological purposes,
  • or social coordination.

But this would reintroduce:

value as explanatory basis.

Which has already been excluded.

The organisation of alternatives must therefore be:

internally determined.


12. The problem sharpened

We are now left with a more precise question.

If a semiotic system is:

  • a structured potential of alternatives,
  • organised through relations of contrast and choice,

then:

what organises those relations?

Not:

  • external function,
  • not behavioural constraint,
  • not biological necessity.

But:

within the semiotic itself.


13. What comes next

The next step is unavoidable.

We must identify:

the principle by which alternatives are structured into a system of meaning.

This will not be:

  • a list of elements,
  • nor a set of rules,

but:

a mode of organisation specific to the semiotic.

Until that is specified, “system” remains an empty term.

And the semiotic remains underdefined.

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