Monday, 1 December 2025

Applying a Relational Ontology to SFL: 4 Recutting Field, Tenor, Mode: Contextual Systems as Theories of Potential

This post formalises Field, Tenor, and Mode (F/T/M) as systems of context, fully integrated into the relational ontology.

No drift, no representational missteps, strictly Hallidayan.


1. Contextual Variables as Theoretical Systems

In canonical SFL:

  • Context = semiotic potential of culture

  • F/T/M = dimensions along which this potential is organised

Relational-ontologically:

  • Each of F/T/M is a system: a structured potential, a theory of possible instantiations.

  • They are not properties of situations.

  • They are not environmental descriptors.

  • They are not sociological categories.


2. Field: The System of ‘What is Happening’

  • Field concerns the ideational dimension of activity.

  • It is realised by potential meanings relating to actions, events, and processes.

  • Situations instantiate field perspectivally: a situation is read as an actualisation of this potential.

Key point: Field is not “the event itself”; it is the potential for the event to be construed semiotically.


3. Tenor: The System of Participant Relations

  • Tenor concerns participants and their interrelations.

  • It is realised by potential meanings regarding roles, relations, and social positioning.

  • Situations instantiate tenor through construal: participants are construed as tokens of the theoretical relations in the system.

Key point: Tenor is never the participants themselves; it is a system of potential relations.


4. Mode: The System of Semiotic Channel and Organisation

  • Mode concerns the channel, medium, and organisation of meaning.

  • It structures potential realisations: spoken vs written, narrative vs expository, monologue vs dialogue.

  • Situations instantiate mode perspectivally: the actual channel is a token of the potential channel system.

Key point: Mode is a theoretical system, not an observed property of the situation.


5. Perspectival Actualisation Across F/T/M

Situations instantiate F/T/M in a perspectival, non-temporal way:

  • Field potential → instance in event

  • Tenor potential → instance in participant relations

  • Mode potential → instance in semiotic channel

This preserves:

  • Canonical Hallidayan logic

  • Non-representational purity

  • Strict separation from environmental or sociological readings

The relational ontology makes explicit that:

  • F/T/M are systems of context

  • Situations are construed instances

  • There is no unconstrued situation


6. F/T/M as the Contextual Analogue of System Networks

Just as system networks in language organise semantic potential, F/T/M organise contextual potential.

  • Each variable expresses a different dimension of meaning-potential.

  • Each situational instantiation is a perspectival cut of these systems.

  • No cross-stratal conflation occurs: context → semantics → lexicogrammar remains the canonical order.


7. What This Post Secures

With F/T/M fully recut:

  1. Contextual systems are restored to theory status, not event descriptors.

  2. Situations instantiate these systems perspectivally.

  3. Misinterpretations that treat F/T/M as event features or variables are eliminated.

  4. Groundwork is laid for register: a functional variety of language realised as subpotential within semantics, not context.


Next Post

Post 5 will focus on register:

  • Show that register is a semantic-level subpotential,

  • Realises situation types, not context,

  • And is fully consistent with the relational-ontological framing established so far.

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