Leibniz advances relational ontology through the concept of monads: simple, indivisible entities whose potential and actuality are defined entirely through their relations within a pre-established harmony. Each monad mirrors the universe from its own perspective, producing a networked field in which relational correspondences determine the scope of possibility.
Possibility is perspectival. Every monad contains a unique representation of all relations, and its actualisation unfolds according to the internal logic of that relational map. Individuality does not imply isolation; the structure of the monadic network ensures coherence across the whole. Relationality, rather than substance or location, governs both constraint and affordance.
Leibniz’s networked perspective extends Spinoza’s interdependence by emphasising multiplicity and perspectivality. Potentiality is distributed: the actualisation of one monad resonates throughout the network, illustrating how relational structure shapes what can occur across space, time, and cognition.
By articulating relational fields as the locus of potential, Leibniz formalises a lineage in which individuality and relationality co-constitute possibility. The monadic cosmos demonstrates that even discrete entities are intelligible only in the context of their systemic and perspectival relations, reinforcing the centrality of relational construal in the genealogy of ontological thought.
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